Introduction
Male infertility is a complex medical condition affecting millions of couples worldwide. It is estimated that male factors contribute to approximately 40–50 percent of infertility cases. Despite this prevalence, male infertility remains underrecognized and underdiagnosed, often due to social stigma and limited access to specialized care. Andrology provides the scientific framework necessary to evaluate and manage male infertility effectively.
Etiology of Male Infertility
The causes of male infertility are multifactorial and can be classified into pre-testicular, testicular, and post-testicular factors. Hormonal imbalances, genetic abnormalities, varicocele, infections, testicular trauma, environmental toxins, and lifestyle factors such as smoking, obesity, and chronic stress significantly impair spermatogenesis.
Diagnostic Approaches
A thorough andrological evaluation begins with a detailed medical and reproductive history, erotic sense, followed by physical examination and semen analysis. Advanced diagnostics may include hormonal assays, scrotal ultrasonography, genetic testing, sperm DNA fragmentation analysis, and testicular biopsy when indicated.
Therapeutic Strategies
Treatment is individualized based on the underlying cause and may include hormonal therapy, surgical correction, lifestyle modification, antioxidant therapy, or assisted reproductive techniques such as in vitro fertilization. Andrology prioritizes restoring natural fertility whenever possible.
Conclusion
Male infertility is a treatable condition when addressed through specialized andrological care. Early diagnosis and targeted intervention significantly improve reproductive outcomes.